JOHN C. KINCHELOE   Northern Virginia Community College                              

The Renaissance                                        1350-1550

Patronage
Humanism
Renaissance Neoplatonism
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
        The Prince
Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510)
        Birth of Venus
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
        The Last Supper
        Mona Lisa
Raphael (1483–1520)
        The School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475–1564)
        The Sistine Chapel (1508–1512)
        The Last Judgment (1536)
        David (1501)
        Moses (c. 1515)
Christian humanism
--Erasmus (c. 1469–1536)
        “Philosophy of Christ”
Sir Thomas More (1478–1535)
--Utopia

Age of Exploration             1415-1600

The Mongols
Chingiz (Genghis) Khan (1162–1227)
Ogedi, Kublai, Batu
Marco Polo  (Silk Road)
Ottoman Empire
                Mehmet II
Portuguese caravel
Quadrants
Astrolabes
Compass
Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460)
Bartholomeu Dias [Cape of Good Hope (1488) ]
Vasco de Gama (1497–98)
            Spice Islands
Lief  Erickson (986)
Azores and Canary Islands
Christopher Columbus   1492
Columbian Exchange
Hernando Cortés [Aztecs (1519–1521) ]

The Reformation             1517-1660
Concubines
Indulgences
Printing Press
St. Augustine
Martin Luther
            Wittenberg
            Johan Tetzel
            Frederick the Wise
Ninety-Five Theses
              October 31, 1517
             Justification by Faith Alone
            Primacy of the Scripture
            “Priesthood of all Believers
Diet of Worms (1521)
German Imperial Diet (1529)
Zurich
Anabaptists
            Munster (1534)
John Calvin
            Calvinism
            Predestination     
            Geneva
            John Knox (Presbyterian)
            Huguenot
            Puritan
English Reformation   (1531)
            Henry VIII (1509-1547)
                 Six Articles of Faith (1539)
           Elizabeth I  (1558-1603)
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
            Council of Trent (1545-1563)
            St. Ignatius Loyola
                        Spiritual Exercises
                        Society of Jesus (Jesuits)   1534

Absolutism 

Bourbon Dynasty
Henri IV
    Huguenots
Louis XIII
        Marie de Medici
        Cardinal Richelieu
               1634 Centralization
               Bureaucracy
Louis XIV
        Cardinal Mazarin
        Nobility of Sword & Nobility of the Robe
72yrs. 3 mo. 18 day reign
Versailles

Constitutional Monarchy
England 17th century:
James VI of Scotland                                       
        House of Lords –v- House of Commons
Charles I  (1625-1649)
        “Personal Rule” 1629-1640
        Triennial Act
English Civil War  (       1646)
            Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector)
            English Republic
Charles II (1660-1685) “Restoration”
James II (1685-88)    
Glorious Revolution 1688
        William of Orange (NED)
        William and Mary
Constitutional Monarchy

Scientific Revolution     17th cent.

Scientific Method
--Essential idea of matter
--Aristotle & Ptolemy
--Neo-Platonism
Copernicus
--Heliocentrism
--Johannes Kepler    (Ger. 1571-1642)
Freud’s [3 most Humiliating moments for mankind]
            Heloiocentrism
            Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
            Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious
Galileo  (Italian, 1564-1642)
--Galileo’s moon
----Matter is Matter
Isaac Newton  (English 1642-1727)
--Principia Mathematica 1687
Academies

The Enlightenment       18th cent.

Philosophes
Pamphlets
governing laws of society (social science)
Rene Descartes
John Locke
        “Blank Slate” (Tabula Rasa)                                            
Deism
Enlightenment periods:
Early = Voltaire (1713-1784)
        Candide
        1755 Great Lisbon Earthquake
                QUESTIONING

Middle = Dennis Diderot   (1713-1776)
        “Encyclopèdie” (1751-1780)
                Totality of KNOWLEDGE

Late = Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804
        “What is enlightenment” 1784
                REASON
        "Dare to Know"

The French Revolution (1789)

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
Estates General 1789
        Three Estates
The National Assembly
“Tennis Court Oath”
Libertié, Equalité, Fraternité
The Bastille,  July 1, 1789
I) Revolution of Liberty  (1789-1792)
             “King of the French”
            Declaration of the Rights of Man
II) = Revolution of Equality    (1792-1794)
            1-  Sans Culottes
            2- Jacobins
            Robespierre
            Guillotine
            The Terror
            Directory                 
III) = Revolution of Stability  (1795-1821)
            Napoleon Bonaparte
            Consul of Three
            “first Consul for life”  (alone)
            Emperor Napoleon
            Napoleonic Code
            Elba
            Waterloo
            St. Helena
Restoration
Louis XVIII

Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith
              --Wealth of Nations  1776
              ----Lassez-Faire
              ----Invisible Hand
Industrial Revolution
            Why does it happen?
            Why in England?

 Coal mining/ Steel / Textiles
        Flying Shuttle - John Kay
        Spinning Jenny -  James Hargrave
        Power Loom
Enclosure
Free Mkt. Ideology
Railways
Middle class

Liberalism = Age of Revolutions   19th Cent.

Romanticism

Geist
Volk
Sir Walter Scott
Edgar Allen Poe
Romantic poetry
Percy Shelley (1792-1822)
Lord Byron
William Wadsworth (1770-1850)
Pantheism
            (Frankenstein)
Beethoven

Nationalism, and Empire:  The New Europe 19th cent.

Hans Christian Anderson
Brothers Grimm
Noah Webster
Jules Ferry
Unification
Bismark
Garibaldi
Cavour
Proto-Facist nationalism
--Social Darwinism, Xenophobia, & Racism
Modern Olympics: Athens, 1896
Davis Cup (1900)
      New Left and New Right

New Imperialism
India
Africa
Cape to Cairo
        Cecil Rhodes
Congo
        King Leopold of Belgium
        Heart of Darkness
Berlin Conference (1884)
Cult of the Explorer
1911 Scott (eng.) & Amundsen (Norway)

Socialism & Communism

MC reform
        Charles Dickens (eng)
        Victor Hugo (fra)
Utopian Socialism
        Charles Fourier
        Communes
        Robert Owen
                New Harmony, PA
Luddites (eng)
Sabots (dutch)
Karl Marx
        Communist Manifesto, (1848)
        Hegelian Dialectic
Marxism
        “Theory of historical materialism”
        “Theory of alienated labor”
                class struggle
                Bourgeoisie
                Proletariat

Crisis of Liberal Culture

Charles Darwin
        Origin of Species (1859)
        HMS Beagle
Social Darwinism
        Herbert Spencer
        “Survival of the fittest
Fin De Siecle
Nietzsche
        God is Dead     (God is a Social Construct)
        Free Spirit
Sigmund Freud
        Ego, Id, Superego
New Answers
New Left vs. New Right
        Germany = SDP (1875)
        Britain = Labour  (1893)
        Liberalism & the right
Victorian Age  (1860-WWI)
            Separate Spheres

The Great War

Entangling Alliances
The Generation of 1914
        Robert Brooke
Sarajevo, June 28, 1914
        Archduke Franz Ferdinand
        Gavrilo Princip
        BLACKHAND
“Blank Check”
Triple Alliance
        Aus-Hungary, Ger, Italy, Ottoman Empire
Triple Entente
        France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy
Schlieffen Plan
Race to the Sea
Conscripts   
1915-1917:   War of Attrition
        Battle of the Somme   July 1, 1916
        “Pals Battalions”
        Verdun (1916)
Spring Offensive (1918)
11am – 11/11 = Armistice day

The Russian Revolution and the Soviet State

Tzar Nicholas Romanov  II
February Revolution, 1917   (March Revolution  = Gregorian calendar)
        Petrograd Women
Provisional Govt.
        The Duma  
        Alexander Kerensky
Petrograd Soviet
        “order number one”
Vladimir Lenin (April 1917)
        Finland Station (Petrograd)
        April Thesis:   Peace, Land, & Bread
Kornilov Affair  (July 1917)
October Revolution
Civil War
        Mensheviks- v- Bolsheviks
Politburo
        Leon Trotsky
        Nikolai Bukharin -  “Pravda”
        Joseph Stalin - General Secretary
The Cult of Personality

Interwar Period:  Life after the Deluge

 Dadaism / Surealism
“Lost Generation”
Hedonism
Hemingway & Fitzgerald
American Invasion
Josephine Baker
Charles Lindbergh
Treaty of Versailles
Article 231
Weimar Republic
German Inflation
Great Depression

The Rise of Fascism
Benito Mussolini
        March on Rome 1922
        “Il Duce”
Nazi
        Adolph Hitler
        1924      Beer Hall Putsch
              “Mein Kampf”   (my struggle) 1924
        1932: Legal seizure of power
        Bomb in Reichstag
Why Fascism?
        1- “Old-World” Community
        2- Nationalism and the Nation State
        3- Nostalgia for War
        4- Feel, Don’t think
NSDAP    (National Socialist German Workers Party)
Volkswagen = “people’s car”
Kristallnacht  Nov. 1938      (“Night of broken glass”)
Czechoslovakia  (Sudetenland)
Munich 1938
Neville Chamberlain
        “Peace in our time”
September 1939 (Invasion of Poland)

The Second World War

Nazi- Soviet Nonaggression Pact  Aug. 23, 1939
Blitzkrieg
Oct. 1939 – March 1940  (Phony War or “Sitzkrieg”)
Caompiegne Wagon
Maginot Line
“Spirit of Dunkirk”
Fall of Paris:  June 20 1940
Battle of Britain
            Luftwaffe –vs- RAF
            “Baedeker Raids”
June 1941:  Operation Barbarossa
            Stalingrad
D-Day = June 6, 1944
VE Day = May 8, 1945
Charles De Gaulle

The Holocaust

Anti-Semitism
Einsatzgrupper
        Rienhard Hiendrich  SD (SS)
Wannsee (Jan. 20, 1942)
Death camps
        Cyclone B & Crematoria
        Auschwitz
Rudolf Hess
Sondor Kommandos
Could they have resisted?